Disciples Are Created

â€Å"So God created man in his image. † Man was given dominion over all creation and paradise for his sustenance and enjoyment. But to whom much is given, much is likewise asked. The forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge proved to be too difficult for Man to resist. That cost Man the loss of his paradise and banishment from heaven, in complete shame. He had truly fallen. God sent his Only Son to redeem Man. Jesus walked the earth and preached about God. From fishermen to a tax collector, Jesus created his own, chosen set of disciples.He said, â€Å"I did not come to call the righteous but sinners. † He had instructed them to continue His work when He has gone back to the Father. â€Å"Go, therefore, and make disciples from all nations. † Jesus died on the cross for Man. Man had sinned but Jesus led Man back to the Father. He had set the example for Man to follow. True discipleship is following God’s example of never giving up on Man’s fallibil ity. It is helping Man to rise from iniquity and taking the righteous path.His followers had betrayed Him like Judas and denied Him like Peter, yet He had it in His heart to forgive. He proclaimed, â€Å"Truly, I say to you, every sin will be forgiven humankind †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Whatever one’s status in life is, he may be made into a disciple. Simon Peter and Andrew were fishermen and Matthew was a tax collector. A disciple made from God’s own image follows His example. God forgave sin against Him. So must the disciple. The positive influence of God’s example to my personal ministry is to accept sinners and give them the second chances they need.

Gangs in Our Society

Running head: GANGS: THE EFFECT ON SOCIETY 1 Gangs: The Effect on Society 2 Abstract Crime is a growing problem in cities around the United States. A big part of this problem can be attributed to gangs. The number of people who get injured or killed by gang violence continues to rise. Some people feel the criminal justice system is failing to control the growth and strength of gangs in communities and prisons alike. In today’s society, the age of gang members continues to decrease while the number of them continues to increase. As youth continue to age the chance that they will end up in prison increases. There will be focus on the relationship between prison and street gangs and how society is affected as a result of these gangs. It is important to look at how gang violence can be reduced if not prevented all together. Introduction and Background Gangs in America flourish in an environment where basic social institutions such as family, role models, and education are weak. Often found in ghettos and poor, lower class neighborhoods, gangs can also thrive in rural and suburban areas (Palmer, 2010). Before we begin to explore the various aspects of gangs, it is important to define what a gang is. There are many definitions and much debate about gangs among law enforcement and scholars. For this reason constructing a definition that represents all types of gangs becomes problematic and almost impossible. For this paper I will use the Ohio Revised Code definition of a gang which is, â€Å"Any organization, association, or group of persons, either formal or informal, which may have a common name or identifying sign or symbol, whose members or associates engage in activities Gangs: The Effect on Society 3 which include, but are not limited to: planning, organizing, threatening, financing, soliciting, or committing unlawful acts† (Steele, 2011). History of Gangs It is not known when gangs first came into existence but the word thug dates back to the 1200’s. Thug is derived from the word â€Å"thugz†, which is an Indian word that refers to a gang of criminals who would travel the country causing trouble (Padilla, 1992). Gang activity became most prominent in the United States in the 1920’s due to Al Capone, also known as Scarface. Due to Prohibition during this time, criminal gangs began to distribute alcohol on the black market. Capone influenced many would-be gangsters and by the 1950’s there were a number of cities with gangs committing crimes at an alarming rate. Street gangs have changed over the years with respect to their goals, the age of members, their commitment to delinquency, and the level of violence. Adamson (1998) attributes this change to immigration, population movement, economic transformations, racial and ethnic conflict and the changing fabric of neighborhood and family life. Methodology Information presented in this paper came from a variety of sources. Among them are interviews, review of literature, and gang training. There have been many residents of the correctional facility this author has worked over the years who are members of youth gangs in their communities. The majority of them have family members who are currently serving time in prison for gang related crimes. This author attended a gang training put on by the Ohio Supreme Gangs: The Effect on Society 4 Court Judicial College in which many of the speakers are experts in the fields they work in. Vinko Kucinic, a Security Threat Group Investigations Coordinator with the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections provided a great deal of information along with insight as to the severity and seriousness of prison gangs. Literature review included books, journal articles, and websites. Objectives The objectives of this paper are to give a little background into the formation of gangs and how they got to where they are now. Gangs continue to grow due to the number of youth joining these gangs for various reasons. Youth who prefer the gang life may find themselves in trouble with the law, which will lead us to the relationship between street and prison gangs. After we explore the particulars about street and prison gangs we will look at the various theories that explain why people join gangs. The paper will end with what and how society and law enforcement can reduce or prevent the increasing number of gangs in our society. Data Results of Youth Gangs The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) performed a National Youth Gang Survey in 2007 that found there were more than 27,000 active gangs across the United States and more than 788,000 gang members, a 7. 7% percent increase from 2002 (Marion & Oliver, 2006). There are many reasons why youth decide to join gangs. Some of the reasons boys join include protection from the streets, access to illegal drugs, a substitute for Gangs: The Effect on Society 5 family, and they have family members who belong to gangs. Girls join because family and friends are involved and they want to get a reputation (Huff, 2002). According to Howell (2010) youth are at higher risk of joining a gang if they engage in delinquent behaviors, are aggressive or violent, experience multiple caretakers, have problems at school, associate with other gang-involved youth, or live in communities where they feel unsafe and where other youth get into trouble. When youth do not get love and support from their families, especially their parents eventually they will look elsewhere for it. The teenage years are often the most vulnerable, a time when they need guidance and acceptance in their lives. Gangs are viewed to many members as â€Å"family† because people care them, watch out for them, and will never leave them. Many youth who grow up in crime-ridden neighborhoods because of gangs may feel the only way to stay safe is to join a gang. Rival gangs often walk the streets coercing younger kids to join their gangs. Some may feel as though they have no choice but to join. Youth who have family members in gangs can sometimes feel persuaded or pressured into joining the gang as well. Deanna Rodriguez, gang bureau chief in New York says, â€Å"We’re seeing more children who are being exposed to the gang world because their parents are members† (Parks, 2011). From the time they are babies they are dressed in the colors and taught the signs with their hands. When children are raised in this type of environment from such an early age, it becomes the only lifestyle they know. Another reason youth join gangs is a much debated issue and is based on the media. According to Mike Carlie (2002) there are three main views of the effect that violence in the media has on children. Gangs: The Effect on Society 6 The first view is that children who are raised in violent environments get confirmation of that violence when observing it or gang activity in the media. The second view is that non-violent children who are not supervised growing up while watching violent television, playing violent video games, or listening to violent rap music, begin to mimic what they witness or hear. The last view is that violence in the media allows for the purging of negative emotions and feelings. Bill O’Reilly gives his perspective on the relationship between violence in the media and gangs. The excerpt from Dudley & Gerdes (2005) reads: The debasement of our culture, of which gangsta rap is a big part, has coarsened children in general and put high-risk kids in a dangerous place. Taking drugs, carrying guns and disrespecting human beings is now not only socially acceptable in many situations, it is downright glamorous. Prison and Street gangs It is estimated by the U. S. Department of Justice that the number of gangs totaled about one million in 2008. Of those 147,000 were documented gang members incarcerated in correctional facilities (Parks, 2011). Gang activity is a growing problem in America’s prisons. Gangs in prisons are known as security threat groups (STGs) because of the interference with prison discipline. The major threats that gangs pose include the smuggling of contraband, violence, and bribery (Newton, 2008). The top leaders of gangs in prison are the ones who have been imprisoned the longest and run the street gangs. The STGs have the same agenda as other gangs but instead of them starting on the street and ending up in prison, they organize in prison and take their activity out on the streets through the use of visitors and parolees. Gangs: The Effect on Society 7 Street gangs are exploited for money and other resources through prison gangs. This occurs in a number of ways. Family members often operate as messengers and drug couriers. They are normally given instructions by gang members during visits to pass on to members of the street gangs. Family members are also known to smuggle contraband in to inmates that can include cellphones, drugs, and money. According to the National Gang Intelligence Center (NGIC) and the US Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), cell phones smuggled into correctional facilities pose the greatest threat to institution safety (â€Å"2011 National gang†, 2011). These cell phones, including smartphones, give incarcerated gang members power over street gangs through text messages, internet access, email, and unmonitored conversations. Cell phones are used to plan or direct criminal activities such as assault, murder, and drug interactions. The main difference between street gangs and prisons gangs is their motivation for violence. Street gangs normally commit violent acts to terrorize its enemies; if a murder occurs it is usually of secondary importance. The prison gang uses murder as a specific act of revenge; the terror created by the killing is of secondary importance (Landre, Miller, & Porter, 1997). In many cases, the â€Å"wannabes† pose more of a threat in prison then do actual gang members. This is due to the â€Å"wannabes† carrying out numerous violent acts as they attempt to impress other members with their ability to be ruthless and to show support for the activities of the group. Aryan Brotherhood One of the top prison gangs is the Aryan Brotherhood (AB). AB is a white supremacist group that was formed in 1967, at San Quentin prison in California (Walker, 2011). They initially formed for the protection of whites against blacks in prison and have since become a Gangs: The Effect on Society 8 criminal enterprise. The AB is concerned with white-supremacy, and is known to murder those who oppose the system. In the prison system they are known for their control of the sale of drugs, gambling, â€Å"punk,† or male prostitutes. The only way to become a member of the AB is to abide by their philosophy of â€Å"Blood In- Blood Out† (Steele, 2011). This means that you kill somebody to get into the gang and die to part from it. Mexican Mafia Another of the top prison gangs is the Mexican Mafia. The Mexican Mafia was formed in the 1950’s within the California Department of Corrections, and is one of the oldest and most powerful prison gangs in the United States (Walker, 2011). They are well known for drug trafficking, extortion, and murder. They often use the number 13 as their gang identification, due to the letter â€Å"M† being the 13th letter of the alphabet. One unique characteristic of the Mexican Mafia is that a member of the gang itself may not be murdered without the vote of at least three members, non-members do not require a vote. Theories of Gang Membership There are numerous criminological theories that give explanations to the reasons why people become members of a gang. Social disorganization theory was first introduced by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay in 1942. Prior to this Frederic Thrasher is credited with the research that led up to this in 1927 with his study of 1,313 Chicago gang youth (Howell & Curry, 2009). Thrasher felt that economic destabilization contributed to social disorganization, which in turn, led to the breakdown of conventional social institutions such as the school, the church, and most importantly the family (Wood & Alleyne, 2010). When families or schools were Gangs: The Effect on Society 9 ineffective in the socialization of children, the gang was there to fill the gaps. Furthermore, neighborhoods that lack organization ultimately lack the ability to provide essential services to the residents of the community. Shaw and McKay felt that personal ties among neighbors are what constitute community organization. Differential association theory The idea of differential association was introduced by Edwin Sutherland in 1939 (Conrad, Cox, Allen & Hanser, 2008). His approach combines principles of the learning theory with the idea that learning takes place in interaction within social groups. Sutherland recognized that criminal behavior is learned and that young people develop attitudes and skills necessary to become delinquent by associating with individuals who are â€Å"carriers† of criminal norms (Wood & Alleyne, 2010). The family is the primary point of learning social behavior, including deviant behavior. Individuals learn how to define situations as being law-abiding or law-violating behavior based on what they have experienced in life experiences. Strain theory There are several variations of the strain theory but the central concept is that society sets universal goals for its populace and then offers the ability to achieve them to a limited number of people (Wood & Alleyne, 2010). Albert Cohen depicts gang members as working class youth who experience strain resulting in status frustration. Status frustration can be resolved when the youth associates with others like them in order to get back at middle class ideals and standards. Gangs: The Effect on Society 10 This leads to the formation of a delinquent subculture where instant gratification, fighting, and destructive behavior become the new values (Wood & Alleyne, 2010). Reducing/Preventing Gang Violence Gang violence is a societal problem, and all parts of our society play a role in tolerating it and enabling it. The steady growth of gangs and gang-related crime presents a challenge for law enforcement and communities alike on all levels throughout the United States. There is evidence that some progress has been made however. The FBI’s Safe Streets Violent Crime Initiative has focused on the most violent gangs, crimes of violence, and the apprehension of violent fugitives (Parks, 2011). As a result of this from 2001 to 2008 over 40,000 arrests and 17,000 convictions of gang members were made (Parks, 2011). Law enforcement is not the only ones who should be worried about gang activity and crime. The community is an important part of reducing and preventing gang violence. Community Involvement The most important thing a community can do to address gang problems is to prevent them from developing. Early intervention programs in schools can identify youth who are truant and/or who show signs of violent or disruptive behavior and get them assistance before it becomes too late (Alonso, Coles, & Fry, 2000). Schools can also encourage those youth to join extra-curricular activities whether it is sports or clubs such as drama, band, choir, and art to name a few. These activities can give a youth a sense of accomplishment and can also provide them with a sense of belonging. Gangs: The Effect on Society 11 Communities have also started imposing anti-gang ordinances known as injunctions. Injunctions vary from city to city but the idea is that they prohibit gang members from engaging in activities in â€Å"safety zones† (Parks, 2011). In these safety zones, gang members may not display gang signs, wear gang colors, associate or intimidate others. Violators are subject to fine and/or jail time. Parental Involvement Parents can be the most active players in preventing and reducing gang problems. Parents and other responsible adults need to learn everything they can about gangs and why youth join gangs as this can help keep children and neighborhoods safe. Chanequa Walker-Barnes, a psychology professor at the University of North Carolina concluded from research that parents- especially those in African American families have a lot of influence over their children and can help them avoid gangs (Hamilton, 2002). What parents do not realize is that losing a child to the gang can be avoided. They need to show their children love, support, and acceptance before it is too late. Law Enforcement and Government Involvement Gang units and task forces are important in targeting gangs and have played a major role in mitigating gang activity in a number of US communities. Other efforts to control the spread of gang violence include RICO. RICO is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, which increases penalties for various crimes, such as murder, arson, robbery, or extortion, when the offender belongs to an organized criminal group (Newton, 2008). Gangs: The Effect on Society 12 Gang Resistance Education and Training (G. R. E. A. T. ) is a gang and violence prevention program built around school-based, law enforcement officer-instructed classroom curricula (â€Å"Prevent youth crime,,† 2011). The main purposes of the program are to immunize against delinquency, youth violence, and gang membership for children before they reach the age that gang temptation is rampant. Discussion The most interesting and intriguing thing learned in this authors research is that it is not easy to get out of the gang. One story by a gang member commented that it is not uncommon for members to be told they cannot ever leave the gang. Even if they are allowed to quit, they are often required to be â€Å"jumped out†, meaning they must undergo a beating by gang members. In addition to be beaten by gang members, someone who wants to leave the gang may be stabbed by gang members as well. It seems as though anything goes when it comes to being jumped out. Gang members don’t care if they are use fists, knives, guns, or if there are two or 50 members doing the beating. Membership in gangs is taken seriously and quitting is considered an insult and a sign of disloyalty. Relationship between prison and street gangs Before this research was started this author had the perception that street and prison gangs were two separate entities. The literature clearly proved that perception wrong. Prison gangs run the street gangs and control most aspects of the drug world as well. Gang members in prison control not only the street gangs but family members as well as prison staff. Corrections officers and parole officers are also known to smuggle contraband in for inmates. Prison staff Gangs: The Effect on Society 13 can play two roles in prison gang culture. As active participants they may provide alibis, take bribes or payments for their silence, and provide opportunities for crimes to be carried out. Passive participants may â€Å"overlook† situations long enough for gang members to do what they want. Prison staff is not immune to the violence of gangs. They may be threatened, physically or sexually assaulted and harassed. Youth gangs All the literature on youth gangs just reinforces how vulnerable children are in the early years. The number of youth who join gangs to find belonging and acceptance is unreal. One cannot blame a child for wanting to feel needed or to want protection when they are not getting that from the one place that means the most, the home. What is more heartbreaking are the children who do not get the choice of whether they want to be a gang member as they are born into it and that is the only life they know. Conclusion The prevalence of gangs and the number of crimes committed by gang members demonstrate that while gang activity may not be a new problem, it certainly presents serious issues. Youth gangs are an increasing problem in societies across the country and are the easiest time of a person’s life to prevent them from joining a gang. There are so many programs in schools and the communities that parents can access for their at risk youth. Prison gangs do not just affect the correctional systems as they control what happens on the streets. What is the prisons problems spill out to become the community’s problems as well. Several theories were looked at to help explain why people join gangs such as the strain theory, differential association Gangs: The Effect on Society 14 theory and the social disorganization theory. There are a number of ways given that parents and communities can help in the reduction and prevention of gang involvement as well as what law enforcement and government agencies are doing. Gangs: The Effect on Society 15 References Adamson, C. (1998). Tribute, turf, honor and the American street gang: patterns of continuity and change since 1820. Theoretical Criminology, 2(1), 57-84. Retrieved from http://journals. ohiolink. edu/ejc/pdf. cgi/Adamson_Christopher. pdf? issn=13624806&issue=v02i0001&article=57_tthataocacs1 Alonso, A. , Coles, C. , & Fry, R. (2000). Gangs, crime, and social deviance: a dialogue. Focus on Law Studies, 16(1), Retrieved from http://www. americanbar. org/content/dam/aba/publishing/focus_on_law_studies/publiced_focus_fall_00. authcheckdam. pdf Carlie, M. 2002). Into the abyss: a personal journey into the world of street gangs. Springfield, MO: Self Publication. Conrad, J. J. , Cox, S. M. , Allen, J. M. , & Hanser, R. D. (2008). Juvenile justice: a guide to theory, policy, and practice. (6 Ed. ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Dudley, W. , & Gerdes, L. (2005). Opposing viewpoints: gangs. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Gangs: The Effect on Society 16 Hamilton, K. (2002 ). Gangbusters: Parents still play a key role in saving kids from the streets. Black Issues in Higher Education, Retrieved from http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1G1-89379977. html Howell, J. C. (2010). Gang prevention: an overview of research and programs. Retrieved from U. S. Department of Justice website: https://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/231116. pdf Howell, J. C. , & Curry, G. D. (2009). Mobilizing communities to address gang problems. Retrieved from Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention website: http://www. nationalgangcenter. gov/Content/Documents/NYGC-bulletin-4. df Huff, C. R. (2002). Gangs in America iii. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Landre, R. , Miller, M. , & Porter, D. (1997). Gang: a handbook for community awareness. New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. Marion, N. E. , & Oliver, W. M. (2006). The public policy of crime and criminal justice. (2 Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Gangs: The Effect on Society 17 Newton, M. (2008 ). Criminal investigations: Gangs and gang crime. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers. Padilla, F. (1992). The gang as an American enterprise. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. Palmer, O. (2010, May 27). Why the gang culture exists (a 3-part series). Retrieved from http://oceanpalmer. com/blog/? p=660 Parks, P. (2011). Gangs: Current issues. San Diego, CA: Reference Point Press. Steele, K. (2011). Gangs and security threat groups. The Supreme Court of Ohio Judicial College. Walker, R. (2011). Gangs or us. Retrieved from http://www. gangsorus. com/prison_gangs. html Wood, J. , & Alleyne, E. (2010). Street gang theory and research: where are we now and where do we go from here?. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(2), 100-111. (2011). Prevent youth crime, violence, and gang involvement. Retrieved from U. S. Department of Justice website: http://www. great-online. org/ Gangs: The Effect on Society 18 (2011). 2011 national gang threat assessment: Emerging trends. Retrieved from Federal Bureau of Investigation website: http://www. fbi. gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment

MEDIA JOURNALISM 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MEDIA JOURNALISM 2 - Essay Example The destroyed rig Deepwater Horizon sank on Thursday spilling what some claim is over 200,000 gallons of oil a day into the surrounding waters. Spokespersons for Greenpeace claim that the company British Petroleum and the British people should be held financially liable for the ecological damage: â€Å"Dependence on oil is one thing†, claims Greenpeace/UK, â€Å"but responsibility is another†. United States President Obama speaking from the White House agreed with the sentiment. He said that while Federal and State organisation were act accordingly it was BP who was ultimately negligent: â€Å"As I said yesterday, BP is ultimately responsible under the law for paying the costs of response and cleanup operations.† Greenpeace has claimed that a lack of Government support has led to oil-dependent companies like BP spending little on research into alternative fuels. A Greenpeace spokesperson said: â€Å"Under its current chief Tony Hayward the company is pouring $19bn into developing its oil and gas business, compared with less than $1bn on all forms of renewable technologies†. Story selected to show the similar tone. ‘Teacher’ stories usually go two ways: either the teacher is a saint pushed to extremes, or the teacher is a predator and deserves more than the courts will ever dish out. Court selected for accurate records. Opinion pieces chosen specifically for the strength of the opinion. While this is not specifically a ‘political’ issue by itself, combined with the EU’s call for a revision of child protection laws in Britain the issue has been politicised. Public news forums almost universally applauded the decision. ‘Thomas’ on Yahoo News called students today ‘brats’ saying: I dont blame the teacher for losing it. The fault is with parents who cant parent†. ‘Jellieso’ from the news site ‘Digital Spy’ was also pleased with the verdict saying that: â€Å"Common sense rules for once†, a sentiment echoed by another

Artificial Intelligence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Artificial Intelligence - Research Paper Example This study seeks to understand the behaviour in humans and animals, and the hope to reproduce it after extensive analysis. As such, AI has become a significant subject in computer science owing to numerous studies on intelligent behaviour through computer simulation. The simulations are geared towards influencing similar intelligent traits on to agents that perceive their environment and takes appropriate action to ensure success. The discipline is subdivided into various fields depending on their area of study and application of their product. These fields include statistical analysis, psychology, cognition, biology among others. However, the different fields often fail to communicate with each other owing to social, cultural and ethical factors, which limit the success of artificial intelligence. Although AI research does not aim at wholly imitating human intelligence, evidence exists that suggests human intelligence is a key tacit heuristic to AI researchers and strongly affects A I studies (Prudkov, 2010). In this regard, intelligence is described as a set of properties of mind, which include the ability to plan, solve problems and reason out depending on the presented stimuli. The replication of intelligence based on human and animal behaviour produces intelligent agents, which have the capacity to respond to the environment in natural way. For instance, artificial intelligence in machines coupled with algorithms, enables them to solve complex problems in humanistic fashion. In essence, AI seeks to produce useful machines that are guided by human-like intelligence and behavioural traits. The history of artificial intelligence dates back to mid-1950s where researchers wrote programs that allowed computers to solve algebraic expressions, confirming logical theorems as well as speak English. This application AI holds similar characteristics with the methods used to study cognition in experimental psychology. These methods include the measurement of IQ levels, which requires that the thinking, reasoning and learning skills be gauged to establish the level of perceptual skills.AI and psychology disciplines have naturally interacted with each other to borrow concepts while criticising the weaknesses of the other. However, it is important that psychologist and AI researchers work together as cognitive scientists in order to understand the human cognition and its incorporation into intelligent agents. The success of such research has seen the development of advanced and highly effective technological systems with industrial and social application. These technologies have illustrated the potential within AI research by developing sophisticated methods of solving problems through robust diagnostic and planning systems. Artificial intelligence is housed in sophisticated hardware systems that have evolved over time based on technological advances. Historically, the hardware system was based on vacuum tubes as established with the production of th e first generation computers. Over the years, technological advance have seen the vacuum tubes replaced by microchips to build smaller and faster hardware components for artificial intelligence. The hardware is controlled be a set of instruction in the form of software and applications, which perform designated tasks and yield results. The interaction between the hardware and software

Impact of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Research Paper

Impact of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Research Paper Example 2005) Due to this Fatal Alcohol Syndrome, children that are born are mostly with less dramatic physical defects but with many of the same behavioral and psychosocial characteristics as those with FAS. Fatal Alcohol Effects are often thought of as lower on a continuum than FAS, but this is not correct. Many individuals with FAE, while looking quite normal, have significant deficits in their intellectual, behavioral, and social abilities which prevent them from leading normal lives. About forty-four percent of women who drink heavily during pregnancy will have a child with Fatal Alcohol Syndrome. Of the other fifty-six percent, some will have Fatal Alcohol Effects, be Fatal Alcohol exposed, to minor learning and behavioral difficulties. A few will be normal apparently. (. (Tubman, 1993). Impacts of FAS on Children: There are certain factors which determine that whether the child will be affected with FAS or FAE. The first factor will be the genetic makeup of the mother and the fetus. I t has been observed that many people of a certain population have similar genetic compositions. From various studies and researches, it has been suggested that for example if some individuals of Native American descent do not make enough of an enzyme necessary in the breakdown of alcohol in the liver or some are lacking that enzyme all together, then these individuals would be at genetic risk of passing this trait onto the fetus. A mother's nutritional status and physical well-being might also play roles of varying significance in determining whether an infant is affected, and to what degree, by the prenatal exposure to alcohol. A vivid research is necessary to determine the reason that some developing fetuses are more vulnerable to prenatal exposure to alcohol than others. The knowledge base in this arena needs to be greatly expanded. There is a continuum of effects that can result from maternal prenatal consumption of alcohol. (Olsen and Tuntiseranee 1995). The most common effect that is observed is a rise in the degree of spontaneous abortions which in other word also known as miscarriages. Babies can born with low birth weight, low birth length, and with a small head circumference resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. Some of the other effects caused by maternal drinking ranges from an increase in the number of stillbirths, an increase in the number of birth defects, increased developmental delays to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and an increased death rate. If a child needs to be diagnosed for FAS, then the child must have a distinct pattern of facial dysmorphia, growth problems, and evidence of abnormality in his central nervous system (CNS). (Beattie et al. 1983; Caley et al. 2005) Facial Dysmorphia: For diagnosing facial dysmorphia, three facial characteristics are required which is a smooth philtrum, a thin vermillion, and a small palpebral fissures based on racial norms. (Connolly-Ahern and Broadway, 2008). Growth Problems : A diagnosis of a child suffe ring from FAS requires confirmation of growth deficits including prenatal or postnatal height or weight, or both, at or below the 10th percentile, documented at any one point in time adjusted for age, sex, gestational age, race or ethnicity.( Connolly-Ahern and Broadway, 2008). CNS Abnormalities: There are three categories on which children with FAS have been diagnosed. One of them is structural abnormalities which consist

What can we get on the web on our mobiles Is it worth having Essay

What can we get on the web on our mobiles Is it worth having - Essay Example This paper will look closely at mobile phones and internet as two aspects of modern technology. It will look into how these two technologies have changed the way we interact with one another in life. The growth in technology has revolutionized not only the way we live but in also the way we communicate. Mobile phones and internet have been one of the leading devices that have revolutionized communication technology. Communication technology has been the backbone of the current revolution in the way we live. Information and communication technology have contributed in a great way to the wave of globalization that has changed the way we interact in the world. The concept of globalization has reduced the world to a global village. In its simple definition, globalization can be simply said as reduction of distance between different parts of the world. This means that one can easily get in touch with someone in another continent same as once can get in touch with someone in the neighborho od. This has been a great achievement in life since it has affected the way people interact.As we have seen, information and communication technology have been in the forefront in enabling globalization to take root in the world. Both have enabled people to interact and communicate with one another in a much simpler way than ever before. There have been some aspects of information and communication technology that have been the most influential. ... Both are recent technology in life and they are very influential in the way we talk and communicate with one another. Apart from their initial intention of providing communication and information to people, development in technology have enabled them to be used for many other purposes in normal life and in business world. Mobile phone and internet industry in one of the rapidly growing technologies in modern life. The industry has been driven by increased use of the two technologies in life. The industry has grown in all part of the world unlike other industries which records growth only in some geographical regions where they are relevant. This means that there has been increased use of the technology in all parts of the world. Let us look at what we can get from each of the technology and evaluate how relevant is what we get from each. This will help us to dig deep in each technology and understand how it functions and how important it is to the concept of information and communication technology. Mobile phones Mobile phone can be defined as a small and portable communication device the is used by people to make phone calls in any place they are. Mobile phones receive and gives out signals with are provided through a service provider's transmitting satellites. Mobile phones have enabled people to communicate in any location they are in without limitation of time and regions. The basic concept of mobile phones is transmitting of signals. It uses radio wave theories similarly as they are used by ordinary radios. However, mobile phones uses stronger frequencies and are higher compared to those of the common radios. Mobile phone technology started in the mid twenties and the first mobile phone service was used in Sweden used

Operations Management - Material requirements planning & Just in Time Essay

Operations Management - Material requirements planning & Just in Time ( 2 CASE STUDY - ) HAVE TO ANSWER STUDYING THE CASES - Essay Example First the scrap is isolated by using scrap bins found in the place of production then the scrap is recorded from the bins daily. Replenishment: the best of this practice is the replacement by use of bar codes for scanning. The pull system is also used. Planners can order materials by use of min-max scanning system depending on the product complexity. Production reporting: bar code scanning can be used to put production to inventory. The rejected product is moved to a material review board. Reverse receiving is done for containers that need to be sorted. To get better flow is one of the philosophies of JIT. This can be applied in staircase cell running in order to avoid time loss. To get better flow meant identifying the various processes needed and as well organizing them. This avoids time wastage during the time of running the activity. Reducing the times and distances in the process which ensures every thing that is needed is in place. Achieving quicker throughput times, Dean can achieve this in staircase cell by providing every material that is needed. Cost benefit categories in this case are in different ways. For instance is the manufacturing cost benefit. In this category, in establishing the cell it should be ensured that the cost incurred in production is less the product sales. Another category is the production cost benefit where by the cost of production in relation to JIT Techniques should be rewarding. For instance it should not be less than the profits gained. Next is the time cost where by each duty is performed at its specific time period to avoid overlap of activities reducing the benefits as suggested by Pycraft (2000). JIT (Just-in-Time) techniques give a cost effective production of the cell and its delivery as well according to Cleland and Ireland (2006). It does this in the right place and time. In the same time benefits in term of minimum of facilities, material, equipments

Leadership Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Interview - Essay Example Monitoring the team and giving feedback: making sure that the team moves at the required pace in order to achieve the set goals and objectives requires this action. He explains that he has to monitor the work of the team in an effective manner and provide them with constant feedback on their status of progress so that the team remains motivated all through. This also helps in mitigating issues that arise as the team works by finding quick solutions so that the teamwork does not stall. In this case, problems are identified when they arise, their root causes established, solutions sought and time wastage is avoided.Backing the team when it comes to the decisions they make in their meetings and actions at work: lack of support for a team’s decisions and actions result in loss of confidence in the leader’s capacity to manage such a team. He stresses that nothing is ever more discouraging to a team like a leader failing to back their decisions and actions and he further disc onnects himself from the team. It is a show of believing in the team’s capacity to act rationally and responsibly.Share the burden of the team: some issues that cause stress to the team arise and pressurize the team. It is important that a good leader steps in and try helping in the reduction of the situations that are causing stress to the team. At this point, this P&G team leader believes in coming in and trying to make the process easier and simplifies the issues to the team. The leader needs to be honest while praising the good work.

Food is culture, culture is food Essay Example for Free

Food is culture, culture is food Essay A majority of people really do care about their health when they choose foods to eat. They always think: The food they eat must gives their bodies the information and materials they need to function properly. If they dont get the right information, their metabolic processes suffer and their health declines. http://www. takingcharge. csh. umn. edu/explore-healing-practices/food-medicine/how-does-food-impact-health Espcially in Vietnam, most of people always use five fundamental taste elements when they’re cooking. For Vietnamese people, salt is used as the connection between the worlds of the living and the dead. Cooking and eating play an extremely important role in Vietnamese culture. The word an (eat) is included in a great number of proverbs and has a large range of semantic extensions. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine#Cultural_importance Vietnamese cuisine is reflective of the Vietnamese lifestyle from the preparation to how the food is served. Going through long phases of war and political conflicts, as well as cultural shifts, the vast majority of the Vietnamese people have been living in poverty. Therefore, the ingredients for Vietnamese food are often very inexpensive but nonetheless, the way they are cooked together to create a yin – yang balance make the food simple in look but rich in flavor. Due to economic condition, maximizing the use of ingredients to save money has become a tradition in Vietnamese cooking. http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine#Food_in_relation_to_lifestyle. WHAT DOES FOOD IS CULTURE, CULTURE IS FOOD MEAN TO YOU? In every country, there’s always have their icons or foods which is symbolize for their country image. Espcially food, in my opinion, food is one of the thing which can be introduced to foreigners about the country’s culture much easier than the other things such as clothes, souvernirs†¦ And a lot of countries have shown their culture through the way they cook food, through the way they eat and through the way they use ingredient for their cooking.

MHCC is just for Me Essay Example for Free

MHCC is just for Me Essay When I graduated high school, I knew that if I wanted to get ahead in life I was going to have to get into college. Not knowing exactly what I wanted to be when I grew up, made me worry about spending money on a traditional four year university. I realized that there were several cheaper options for a higher education were around my area. Starting my education at a community college seemed like the right step for me once I understood that the credits would all transfer to a university that I could choose at a later date. This was my first sensible step towards furthering my education. The problem was trying to decide which college to go to. I had to choose from Portland community college (PCC), Clackamas (CCC) or Mount Hood (MHCC). After sorting through the pros and cons, some of which were proximity to home and work, class availability and, helpful resources, it became clear which college was right for me. MHCC was my choice because it convenient for me. When choosing which community college to attend, the first thought was the distance from both work and home. I knew that I needed a place that was close enough to where I work so that I could take as many classes as I needed and not have to worry that I am going to be late for work because of traffic or some other distraction. Another reason that I need a place that was close is to save gas, as I am currently paying my own tuition and saving money is essential for a financially deprived student. It turns out Mt. Hood is only five miles away from my house, and even more convenient was that it was right down the street from where I work. With MHCC being so close to my work and home and I am only late to class because of my oversleeping. I have also been able to fit in extra classes every semester because of the time I save to squeeze it in without having to ask for any additional time off from work. I am currently working part time job at Bi-Mart so flexibility with scheduling is necessity for my schooling. My current situation for school is that I get to decide which two days I am off, and with those two days I can create my school schedule. MHCC scheduling is so convenient because that the same class that I may need could be taught by several different instructors which all have different times and different days allowing me to shape a schedule that will fit. This has really allowed me to appreciate the classes that are held twice a week for that reason. My usually schedule for school can sometimes take me all day. It starts with a morning class around eight all the way through the day until an evening course till around eight. Without the classes held only two days a week I don’t know how long it would take for me to graduate. One of the resources that I keep constantly using at Mt. Hood is the Learning Center’s tutors up on the second floor of the main campus l ibrary. I know that I am not the only student in the class room, so when I cannot get a meeting with the teacher to go over class items that I do not understand clearly I go to the tutor center. When I am up there I can receive all the help that I need for any school work that I am behind in. I know this because I go to the math tutor all the time for help just to get help that I need. I also have gone to the writing tutor in the past to help with papers that I get stuck on. I know that I am not a very strong writer and not all the rules of grammar stick with me, so knowing that there is a person that can help me makes me a more confident student and it makes me feel like I can achieve more. The convenience of the tutoring center has allowed me to be a better student. To be honest without MHCC, I don’t know if I would have the drive to go to another school. When thinking about the future it makes me cringe sometimes. If anything I have learned from working at Bi-Mart, I know that working dead end jobs as a lifestyle is not going to be in my best interest if I want to achieve something in my life. For that I consider Mount Hood to be a great school to attend. I am glad that I could find a school that could fit into my life and my future goals. At MHCC I have learned so much, and have improved both my writing and math. I know that furthering myself with an education is only going to benefit me in the time ahead and with the education at Mt. Hood I know that when I am able to transfer to that four year university I know that I will have the tools to be able to succeed not only there but beyond the university as well.

The contribution of motherese or child-directed speech

The contribution of motherese or child-directed speech Language is the standard by which higher intellectual processes are revealed. It is important means of social communication and is one of the exceptional systems of habits which distinguish man from the animals. Differences in language account for many of the distinct contrasts between peoples, and to its deficiency may be attributed the differences between intellectual development. As preverbal infant it is important for caregivers to know how to acquire the fundamental aspects of language more efficiently. Motherese or child-directed speech (CDS) is a pattern of speech which is used for communication with preverbal children. Child-directed speech found to draw children attention more decently due to distinctive characteristics (Brand, Baldwin Ashburn, 2002; Bohannon Marquis, 1977; Fernald Mazzie, 1991; Greiser Kuhl, 1988; Hoff-Ginsberg, 1986; Masataka, 1998; ONeill, Bard, Linnel, Fluck, 2005; Rowe, Pan Coker, 2004; Sokol, Webster, Thompson Stevens, 2005; Tamis-LeMonda Borns tein, 1994). In this study we will investigate the aspects of child-directed speech and the contribution of it to infants language development. First, to describe CDS it is important to underline that for occurrence of CDS an infants or young childs presence is required. Adults, especially mothers, use this pattern of communication by adjusting, their linguistic and prosodic aspects of speech which construct the concept of motherese. Child-directed speech is distinctive by its slower production of utterances, and pitch contours are often pronounced more clearly and exaggerated (Brand, Baldwin Ashburn, 2002; Bohannon Marquis, 1977; Fernald Mazzie, 1991; Greiser Kuhl, 1988; Hoff-Ginsberg, 1986; Masataka, 1998; ONeill, Bard, Linnel, Fluck, 2005; Rowe, Pan Coker, 2004; Sokol, Webster, Thompson Stevens, 2005; Tamis-LeMonda Bornstein, 1994). Several studies indicate that prosodic features of child-directed speech are far more important than its syntactic or semantic features (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). Moreover, studies show that the exaggerated prosody of CDS increases the salience of acoustic cues to linguistic structure for the preverbal infant (Fernald Mazzie, 1991). Additionally, the prosodic features of the maternal speech help infant to distinguish the identical syllables (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). The evidence show, that child-directed speech is characterized by perceptual features which are more attractive to children, although it is important to investigate the contribution of motherese on language development. The study of Greiser and Kuhl (1988) provide us with three general explanations of CDS to contribution to language development. Three major characteristics are described in a study of Greiser and Kuhl (1988) consistent of linguistic, attentional, and social/affective constructs. Linguistic explanation is characterized by expanded pitch contours which serve as indication of linguistic boundaries (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). Moreover, by highlighting the linguistic boundaries make the language explanation more efficient (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). In several studies of syntax growth related to maternal speech, the most frequently appearing predictor of syntax growth is the occurrence in input of expansions, reacts, and other sorts of utterances that repeat some or all of the semantic content of the prior utterance while changing the syntactic form of expression (Hoff-Ginsberg, 1986). In addition, positive effects have been found of mothers utterances that repeat part of the childs previous utterance and of utterances in which mothers or experimenters repeat part of their own previous utterance (Hoff-Ginsberg, 1986).Natura listic and experimental studies have also found the occurrence of yes or no questions in input to be positively associated with measure of childrens syntax growth (Hoff-Ginsberg, 1986). The attentional characteristic of CDS contributes to the level of perceived language by the infant, and the level of prominence of perceived language respectively (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). By using high pitch contours combined with deep emotional expressions contribute to the level and prominence of perceived utterances (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). Moreover, Sokol, et al. (2005) proposes that maternal speech patterns is more suitable for the infants immature auditory system. The study shows , that maternal pattern of speech is adjusting to infants auditory and cognitive abilities. By adjusting to infants auditory and cognitive abilities it is credible to draw and maintain infants attention. Social/affective characteristic of CDS contribute to infants language development by regulating infants affective state (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). In a study of Clarck (as cited in Sokol et al., 2005) suggest that salience regulation of infants affective state may sustain language learning at the early stages of development. The use of higher and expanded pitch contours allow mothers to assign important affective discriminative stimuli and information which will be identified by the infant as positive signals regulating the infants affective state (Greiser Kuhl, 1988; Sokol et al., 2005). Child-directed speech serves to adjust the affective states of the infant depending on whether the caregiver encouraging, soothing or just seeking to elicit the infants attention (Sokol et al., 2005). According to developmental psychologists nonlinguistic representations of the world contribute and constrain the structure of child language and the course of its development (Tamis-LeMonda Bornstein, 1994). What is more, when interacting with infants adults alter their movements in ways that increase infants attention to action and highlight meaningful units within the flow of motion (Brand, Baldwin Ashburn, 2002). Mothers shape their language-related gestures to infants, using fewer gestures over all, and more often gestures to reinforce or disambiguate the verbal message, rather than to add new information (Brand et al., 2002). Gestures associated with child-directed speech called motionese are likely to assist infants attention to action (Brand et al., 2002). Such reinforced attention should help infants to learn about action more readily (Brand et al., 2002). Studies show that mothers showed higher level of enthusiasm and interest in the object demonstrating to infants, which is considered reinforcing behavior for the baby (Brand et al., 2002). Additionally, increased gaze from mothers in mothers infant-directed action, help maintain infants attention and thus can benefit in language and cognitive development (Brand et al., 2002). Overall it is important to evaluate gestures as a part child-directed speech because of their attentional and linguistic contribution to infants development. Child-directed speech or motherese is a universal pattern of speech with preverbal children by caregivers independent of language (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). Some aspects of motherese as motionese could be found in different sign languages, whereas sign motherese shares analogous characteristics with maternal speech (Masataka, 1998). In her study Masataka (1998) found that hearing infants exposed to motherese sign language showed more interest and attraction then to adult sign language. This study support that, special properties evident in infant-directed speech may have universal attentional and affective significance (Masataka, 1998). In addition, it is important to investigate the importance of father talk to infants and their contribution to the language development. Several studies demonstrate the difference in the ways fathers talk to their preverbal infants (Rowe et al., 2004). Fathers in Western middle-class produce more directives, more wh-questions, and more frequent requests for clarification in talk with children, thus engaging children in more complex cognitive processes (Rowe et al., 2004).Fathers tend to use directives in their indirect form which may present cognitive/linguistic challenges in interpretation (Rowe et al., 2004). By addressing the wh-questions the conversation becoming more demanding and require child to respond non-imitatively and verbally (Rowe et al., 2004). Although there are only few studies on paternal talk to the infant it is clear that CDS of father contribute to the language development by putting the child in more complex linguistic and cognitive processes. Concluding it is important to underline aspects of motherese contributing to language development. Child-directed speech or motherese, play an important role in language development of an infant. Motherese prosodic characteristics influence directly the language development because of its slower and smooth production, higher and exaggerated pitch contours and sensitive pause distribution in utterances. Additionally, motherese influence the child affective and attentional states, which contributes indirectly to the language development. Although, there is a lot of evidence about child-directed speech positive qualities there should be more investigation about the contribution of child-directed speech to language development. Word Count: 1337

The Literary Merit of Animal Farm Essay -- Animal Farm

The Literary Merit of Animal Farm      Ã‚  Ã‚   The year of 1945 marked a great turning point in world history.   The end of the Second World War, the detonation of the atomic bomb, the beginning of the Cold War took place during that year.   Also in 1945, George Orwell published Animal Farm, The book drew wide interest due to its scathing commentary on the Russian communist movement at a time when Britain and Russia were still allies.   The body of criticism relating to the novel is among the greatest of twentieth century literature.   Attacking the work from a variety of angles, every detail has been poked and prodded, but the consensus is still out on how best to judge Orwell's book.   By analyzing the usage of simple themes, comparisons to the Russian communist movement, and the usage of animal allegory in George Orwell's Animal Farm, its overall literary value may be evaluated.      Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the hallmarks of Animal Farm is its thematic simplicity.   Set on a farm in rural Britain, the book chronicles the history of the farm's animals and their revolution against humans.   From its chaotic beginnings, the revolution is able to defend itself against its enemies and make technological leaps.   However, a rigid hierarchy is soon forged which so resembles the ante-bellum totalitarian leadership of Farmer Jones that "the creatures outside looked from pig to man... but already it was impossible to say which was which," (Orwell 128).   Orwell's smooth and simple narrative is clear-cut and easy to understand, which adds to the overall appeal of the book.      Ã‚  Ã‚   However, some critics interpret this very simplicity as a weakness.   They hold that by making such broad generalizations of very complex situations, the merit of Animal Fa... ...asured in the years to come.    Works Cited: Alldritt, Keith. The Making of George Orwell. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1961. Meyers, Jeffrey, ed. George Orwell: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Signet 50th Anniversary Edition, Harcourt Brace & Company, 1996. Zwerdling, Ales. Orwell and the New Left. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974.    Works Consulted: Bloom, Harold, ed. George Orwell's Animal Farm. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. Davison, Peter. George Orwell: A Literary Life. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. Fowler, Roger. The Language of George Orwell. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. Gross, Miriam, ed. The World of George Orwell. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971. Williams, Raymond. Orwell. London: Fontana Press, 1991.

Bao Ninhs Sorrow of War Essay -- Vietnam War Ninh Sorrow War Essays

Bao Ninh's Sorrow of War When we think of the Vietnam War, we think of all the hell and torture that American soldiers went through with little regard to the Vietnamese and the hardships they endured. Reading the Sorrow of War gave me a clear understanding of the Vietnamese people and the suffering that the war caused them. The Sorrow of War is unique and powerful in the sense that it is written by a Vietnam army veteran and gives the perspective of the war from a Vietnamese soldier. It is one of the few novels that has given the Vietnamese people a voice. In this beautiful novel, Bao Ninh manages to put a face on the other side of the conflict and humanize a people who until now have been viewed as faceless â€Å"gooks†. When it comes to the Vietnam War, we only consider how much pain our country went through and the loss American lives, but forget about how much more the Vietnamese people have suffered and lost. From a global perspective, many readers and movie viewers worldwide know only about how American’s have suffered and the amount of pain our war veterans have endured as a result of the war. American films such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, Apocalypse Now, Thin Red Line, and We Were Soldiers to name a few, are all Vietnam War movies that portray the loss and suffering of American life. The traditional American made movie or novel about Vietnam fails to show the human side of the struggles that the Vietnamese people both from the north and the south went through....

Qualitative, quantitative, and outcomes research Essay

1. What are the main differences among qualitative, quantitative, and outcomes research? Under what circumstances is each type of research most appropriate? Support your answers with specific examples. Qualitative research is used to give meaning to life experiences and conditions. It’s an individual approach and logical. It is â€Å"interpretive, humanistic, and naturalistic and is concerned with understanding the meaning of social interactions by those involved†(Burns & Grove, 2011). Qualitative research is most appropriate when conducting research to promote understanding of human experiences and circumstances and develop theories that describe these experiences. Qualitative research seems to be an effective method of investigating human emotional responses. An example would be interviewing 100 elderly patients to find out what their main health concerns are. Quantitative research â€Å"is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world†(Burns & Grove, 2011). Quantitative data is any data that is in numerical form such as statistics, percentages, etc. An example of this would be determining the rate of a DVT in post-op patients. Outcomes research focuses on the outcomes of care for the patient. It requires four areas to examine including: patient responses to nursing care, improvements in physical functions, healthcare financial service outcomes, and patient’s overall satisfaction with staff, nursing care and services. This research is most appropriate when doing research on improving quality of care(Burns & Grove, 2011). An example would be doing research on what ice pack is most effective, easy for the patient to use and still cost effective. Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2011). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.

Assignment 2: Calculating Inventory

Assignment 2: Calculating Inventory Finland Upholstery Inc. Oscar L. Galvan Argosy University The firm's selling and administrative expenses are operating expenses; therefore they are treated as Period Cost rather that Product Cost. This type of cost is unrelated to manufacturing overhead and cost of goods sold. | Manufacturing Overhead:Manufacturing overhead includes all costs of manufacturing such as indirect material, indirect labor, property taxes, maintenance and repairs, insurance etc. It excludes the direct material and direct labor.The selling and administrative expenses will not be reported in the manufacturing overhead since they are not incurred for the production of the goods. | Cost of Goods Sold:| Cost of goods sold is a cost incurred to obtain the raw material for the production and  for producing the products that are sold to the consumers. Cost of goods sold: (Beginning merchandise inventory + inventory purchases – ending inventory. ) Since the selling and a dministrative expenses are not incurred for obtaining the raw material as well as manufacturing the product they will not be reported in the cost of goods sold.Selling and Administrative Expenses: The selling and administrative expenses are incurred for delivering the goods to the consumers, and also for the advertising of the products. The following are examples; management expenses, salesman salaries, clerical expenses and advertisement expenses. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. Calculate the company’s predetermined overhead application rate. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Budgeted Overhead| 5,460,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Budgeted Direct Labor| 4,200,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Predetermined Overhead Rate| 130%| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2. Calculate the additions to the work-in-process inventory account for the direct material used, direct labor and m anufacturing overhead. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Direct Material used| 5,600,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Direct Labor| 4,350,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Manufacturing overhead| 5,655,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total Addition| 15,605,000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . Calculate the finished-goods inventory for the 12/31/01 balance sheet. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Direct material cost| 156,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Direct labor| 85,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Manufacturing overhead | 110,500 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Finished goods inventory| 351,500 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |All amounts in the Work-in-Process must be transferred to Finished-Goods-Inventory due to the fact that there is no Work-in-Process at year end. Therefore:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dr. | Cr. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Finished goods inventory| 5,811,800|   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Work in process Inventory|   | 5,811,800| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4. Calculate the over-applied/under-applied overhead at year end| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Applied overhead | 5,655,000. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Actual overhead| 5,554,000. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Over-applied overhead| 101,000. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Calculation of Actual Overhead:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Indirect materials used | 65,000. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Indirect labor | 2,860,000. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Factory depreciation | 1,740,000. 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Factory insurance | 59,000. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Factory utilities | 830,000. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | 5,554,000. 0 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dr. | Cr. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Manufacturing Overhead| $5,554,000|   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost of Goods Sold|   | $5,554,000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5.Explain if it is appropriate to include selling and administrative expenses in the cost of goods sold category. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Company’s cost of goods sold totals $15,309,300| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Finished-goods inventory, Jan 1| 0. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Add: Cost of goods manufactured| 15,761,800. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost of goods available for sale| $15,761,800. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Less: Finished-goods inventory, Dec. 1| 351,500. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Unadjusted cost of goods sold| 15,410,300. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Less: Over applied overhead| 1 01,000. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost of goods sold| $15,309,300. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The firm's selling and administrative expenses are operating expenses; therefore they are treated as Period Cost rather that Product Cost. This type of cost is unrelated to manufacturing overhead and cost of goods sold. |

History of U.S. in 400 Words Essay

I am very proud of my country because it was formed on the foundation of freedom and has continued to support freedom for all of its citizens as well as helping to spread freedom throughout the world. First, America was founded by common people looking for a better way of life, one in which they were able to practice their religion and participate in how their settlements were governed. Committed to their beliefs, America endured eight years of war to gain their freedom. There were many hardships along the way: disease, starvation, and suffering; but we hung in there and eventually beat the British, the most powerful nation at that time. Then, we did something shocking; we made it a democracy, the first in the world. People thought it was crazy, this American experiment, but we proved it could work. Unfortunately there was a problem brewing – slavery! It ended up causing a great civil war, the North pitted against the South. We got through it and in the end the nation was reunited and freedom for all prevailed. Women still had some problems, though, and after nearly one hundred years of protesting they finally received the same rights as men as they got the right to vote. Our ideals of freedom were then tested outside our boundaries. We got involved in World War II as we helped to purge the world of the atrocities that the Nazis inflicted. We helped in the Korean and Vietnam Wars in their struggle for freedom and equality. After a long Cold War, we were successful in our efforts to get the Soviet Union to end communism and tear down the Berlin Wall. We also got involved in the First Gulf War as we worked to get the Iraqis out of Kuwait and restabilize the country. Then, on September 11, 2001, terrorists struck the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and an airplane in route to Washington, D.C. and we again had to defend our freedom. We are continuing to help put an end to the senseless acts of terrorists along with teaching the people in Iraq and Afghanistan how to defend themselves against the Taliban. The United States of America is a world power, supporting the individual rights and freedom of people throughout the world. It stands for and supports liberty and justice for all, and that makes me incredibly proud.

Look at the Way Shakespeare Explores Relationships Between Men and Women in Measure for Measure Essay

When Shakespeare wrote Measure for Measure in approximately 1604, society was very sexist towards females and men were seen as the stronger sex, however Shakespeare included lots of strong female characters in his plays such as Portia in ‘Mercent of Venice’ and Lady Macbeth in ‘Macbeth’, he was aware that his plays wouldn’t change society and that unlimitedly, women are regarded as subservient to men. They were not allowed to vote, state their real opinions, go to university and they were never formally educated; their only expected roles in life were to run the household and provide children. Consequently, many men regarded their wives and daughters as possessions who were expected to abide by their husbands and fathers no matter what. When it came down to relationships with the opposite sex, virginity was regarded as a virtue and a prize. Men expected their wives to be pure in preparation for marriage and the women that had ‘succumbed to the pleasures of the flesh’ before they were married were considered ruined women. Men however were encouraged to learn the arts of seduction and some men of the higher class were sent to Italy to learn the art. In the society of Measure for Measure, men clearly use and abuse women. One of the main characters Angelo is placed in charge of the city in Vienna by Duke Vincentio. The Duke had been quite an easy going ruler who feels that it is time to clean up the Viennese society and administer a greater sense of honour. He chooses Angelo because of the strong characteristics and principles that he has make him stand out for being the perfect person to do so. Despite his name being a play on the word ‘angel’, he absurdly proves to be the villain of the play and along with several other male figures, he uses not only his gender but also his position of power, to exploit several members of the ‘weaker’ sex. When Angelo takes authority as ruler in the Duke’s absence he immediately wishes to make a mark. Unbeknown to him, the Duke has disguised himself as a Friar and has returned to Vienna to observe how Angelo administers ascendancy. Angelo initially comes forth as beyond criticism and determined to rule with an iron fist. When he discovers that a nobleman called Claudio has slept with his partner impregnated her, he orders Claudio be executed as an example to the citizens of Vienna, that such immorality will not be tolerated. The nobleman Claudio is introduced to us in Act 1 Scene 2. As he is being led away to prison, his friend Lucio asks the meaning of ‘this restraint’ and queries as to weather or not it is because of ‘lechery’. Claudio agrees that to a degree, his crime is one of being too lenient in terms of sexual activity and we recognize that this is a society where men and women are expected to show self-control before marriage. Claudio talks about his lover, Julietta with a certain degree of dominance; we learn he had ‘possession’ of her bed but in his justification it was ‘upon a true contract’ and it seemed the liaison was consensual. But also ‘upon a true contract’ could also mean that Julietta has donated herself to the dominant member of the relationship. Also this statement makes the ‘relationship’ appear to be almost a deal or an agreement – in which has been made between the two characters. He also argues that they were as good as engaged but were waiting for the right moment to reveal the news to her family. Their sexual relationship is regarded by Claudio as ‘mutual entertainment’ and we realise that both can be held responsible for their crime however Julietta is now pregnant and they cannot hide their actions from others who can see the ‘shame’ of their union. In addition, the word mainly focused upon, is ‘possession’. This word once again reflects the sexism surrounding this era; in that the male is the dominant and most significant person. Therefore, it is clear that the women (being Julietta in this case) is almost an in-animate object, which is owned or ‘possessed’ by the man. Claudio’s sister, Isabella, is an aspiring nun and when she first heard about her brother’s arrest she snaps at Angelo with ‘make me not your story’. She honestly doesn’t believe that her brother has committed such sin and thinks it is all a story. When she comes to plead for her brother’s life, she is clearly virtuous and innocent; untainted by the ills of society and ready to offer up her life to God. Angelo is overtaken by his desires and attracted to her virtuous nature. He offers the proposition that Isabella ‘yield up’ her body to his ‘will’ and he in turn will grant a pardon for Claudio. The word ‘yield’ suggests Isabella should give in or cower before Angelo’s might as a man and as a ruler. It reflects how Elizabethan men thought of women as possessions, objects and caring about only their bodies and not their souls; that when it came to sex before marriage, women were meant to give up their bodies. Isabella is horrified and refuses, believing that by sacrificing her virginity, she sacrifices her soul. The word ‘will’ shows that Angelo dominates and expects to be obeyed in the ‘relationship’, despite her opinions or rights. As a man in a superior position, Angelo is used to being obeyed and his demands are to be met. This shows us that men treated women as objects to satisfy their needs. In light of how sexist this play has been, at the end of the play in scene 5 I become almost convinced of how vile the Duke is. He tries to portray himself as this great big hero when he helps Isabella save Claudio; but then injustices that by punishing Lucio so harshly. Prostitutes in those days were thought of as strumpets and marriage with such a person was a ‘sin’. So, Lucio is given an option to marry the whore he impregnated but he never has to repent for what he did. Actions like this in the Viennese society were highly frowned upon and this highlights even more how badly men thought about women in these situations because Lucio was devastated when the Duke told him his sentence. Isabella, originally on the verge of becoming a nun, finds herself about to marry the Duke. It is interesting that she is not given a chance to reply to the Duke’s marriage proposal in the play. She is assumedly very content to become the spouse of the town’s leader, mainly since he has saved her brother’s life. But at the same time this situation reinforces her loss of sexual independence. The central conflict in the play revolves roughly around Isabella’s rejection to follow the ways of the majority of the women in Vienna. Her marriage to the Duke confirms her virtue while denying her independence. There are no independent women in Measure for Measure. This is not strange, considering the setting and Shakespeare’s own era. But Measure for Measure gives its women characters even less freedom than other Shakespearean plays. Isabella is the one exception in that she refuses to respond to Angelo’s advances. However, she is still obedient toward the Duke, following all of his instructions. At the conclusion of the play, the Duke administers punishment to all of the people who have done wrong and rewards the good. Angelo is told to marry Mariana, and he escapes death at her request. The Duke probably does not want to execute Angelo, but wants it made clear that his crime deserves such a punishment. Mariana’s reward is Angelo, which she takes happily, although the Duke tells her that he is unworthy of her love. Claudio is allowed to marry Juliet, and Lucio is punished by being made to marry a prostitute. Marriage is not a specific punishment or reward; however in this situation it is definitely a punishment.

Black Panther Party Research Essay Research Paper

Black Panther Party Research Essay, Research Paper Guns, Social Welfare, and Revolution: The Black Panther Party In late September of 1966, at a little poorness centre in North Oakland, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale began to outline the Ten-Point Platform and Program, therefore making the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. From this creative activity rose a complex patriot organisation with chapters throughout the United States that sought to educate the people politically, and from that instruction give the people the desire to ramp a revolution in order to hold their demands and political docket fulfilled. The Black Panther Party was the prototype of the patriot option throughout the late sixties and 70s, and they had the demand to make alteration within what they believed to be the racist power construction of the United States. The Black Panther Party was able to form the people, and take portion in actions that would assist to implement societal alteration. The Panthers created timeserving plans for the Black young person in order to assist construct up the community. In add-on, the Panthers besides staged many presentations and protests that non merely brought together the Black community, but besides benefited the cause of equal rights. Despite all of the good facets that the Black Panther Party brought to the Black community and civil rights motion ( or possibly because of these facets ) , the F.B.I. and United States authorities believed the Panthers to be one of the United States greatest internal jobs. In hindsight, it becomes obvious that the US power construction was flawed in their apprehension of the Black Panther Party and their ends. Yet, in malice of this misinterpretation, the Black Panther Party was able to somewhat forestall the authorities s flawed manner of analyzing political groups to predominate into the hereafter by agencies of the Panther s bequest. The Black Panther Party was created on the belief that the United States was structurally racist, and that this racism was trying to genocide the Black race. The Black Panther Party believed that to antagonize this racism, they needed to destruct the power construction, and replace it with a merely system of authorities. Racism was non merely some self-conceived impression taken up among the members of the Black Panther Party. Racism had been happening in America by agencies of the slave trade even before the United States was called the United States. With the terminal of bondage, it was expected that Blacks would be able to incorporate into the remainder of American society and be provided with the warrants of all work forces populating in the United States as determined by the Constitution. However, it was non expected that the white community would be as opposed to this alteration as they were. The ultimate signifier of racism was portrayed in the White supremacist group the Ku Klux Klan. This group terrorized Black people throughout the South, every bit good as any sympathisers of the Black battle. In 1930 Dr. Arthur Raper was commissioned to bring forth a study on lynching, at the clip a much excessively frequent pattern in the South. He discovered that there were 3,724 people reported lynches in the United States from 1889 through to 1930. Over four-fifths of the peopled that were lynched were Negroes, and less than one-sixth of whom were accused of colza. Practically all of the lynchers were Whites. Of the 10s of 1000s of lynchers and looker-ons, merely 49 were indicted and merely 4 have been sentenced. In 1935 President Franklin D. Roosevelt refused to back up an anti-lynching measure because he argued that the white electors in the South would neer forgive him and decline to vote for him at the following election. The tolerance that the constabulary and the authorities had for lynching showed the disregard of the President and Congress in doing appropriate statute law and implementing that statute law to halt the pattern of lynching. As the laden began to contend back against the oppressors throughout the Civil Rights motion, the pattern of lynching began to slowly lessening, nevertheless, the force against Blacks persisted. Thirty old ages after Dr. Raper s study on lynches, rabble force and constabulary ferociousness against Blacks still occurred on a regular basis in the United States ; the authorities was still non looking out for Black Americans. In 1966, police ferociousness was a job in many countries of the state. The freshly formed Black Panther Party for Self Defense sent a strong message in turn toing this job: they wanted constabularies ferociousness to halt, and to make this they proposed the maneuver of self-defence. The thought of self-defense, along with the group s chauvinistic positions is portrayed in the Black Panther Party s ten-point plan. The Ten-Point Program was based on simplenesss that any citizen of the United States would want. Composed by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, the Ten-Point Program became a cardinal constituent in the organisation of the group. The plan stresses freedom for those who were being oppressed, and an terminal to the inhibitory authorities. The Program besides strongly advocated the usage of guns for self-defence and stressed the 2nd Amendment. With 1000s of transcripts of the Ten-Point Program in manus, Newton, Seale, and Bobby Hutton went throughout the Black community jointing the Program to the people, garnering support. The three so went on to put up the 1st official central office of the Black Panther Party in North Oakland. After the creative activity of this office in Northern Oakland, involvement in the Black Panther Party began to increase throughout Oakland ; subsequently this involvement spread on a national degree, with chapters in 48 provinces, and a few international chapters every bit good. The Black Panther Party was in all facets of the term, a nationalist group. The Panthers felt that the authorities was incapable of supplying a merely authorities for all work forces, peculiarly Black work forces, and that the authorities should be replaced with a system that could see justness. The Black Panther Party s Ten-Point Program accurately inside informations this end. The Ten-Point Program was a basic desire for Black America to acquire what White America was granted without inquiry, and what Black America had been deprived of. The Programs demands were simple: freedom to find the fate of Black communities, full employment, an terminal to development of Black communities by Capitalists, nice lodging, wellness attention, an terminal to patrol ferociousness, an terminal to war, and tests for Blacks with a Black jury as opposed to an all White jury. To be granted these demands, the Ten-Point Program provinces, it is their [ the Black community s ] right, it is their responsib ility, to throw off such authorities, and to supply new guards for their future security. The Ten-Point Program and Platform boldly called for an overthrow of the authorities, and encouraged people to take up weaponries to protect themselves against these fascist constabulary forces. The Panther s were recommending radical alteration, and the people were listening. One of the grounds that the Black Panther Party was able to garner and keep so much support throughout the Black community was because they were genuinely concerned with breaking the community. Before the sta rt of the party, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale were both involved in the North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center. At this centre Newton was a community organiser, while Seale was the chief of a young person work undertaking. This experience in working with the community doubtless helps to explicate why most of the societal plans that the Black Panther Party developed were so successful. The plans created by the Black Panther Party, which were operated by Party members, were referred to as SPR or survival pending revolution. The first such plan was the Free Breakfast for Children Program. At its tallness, the plan was a immense success, feeding 200,000 kids daily. The plan started in a Catholic church in the Fillmore territory of San Francisco, so spread to every major metropolis in America where there was a Party chapter. Other societal services that the Black Panther Party began to supply were free wellness clinics, food market giveaways, the fabrication and distribution of fre e places, school and instruction plans, senior conveyance and service plans, free bussing to prisons and prisoner support plans, and legal assistance plans, among many others. For the most portion, these plans were all successful in supplying Blacks and other minorities with much needed societal services. Some plans were so successful, such as the Free Breakfast for Children Program, that the authorities was forced to follow similar plans throughout the state. Peoples within Black and White Communities began to recognize that the Black Panther Party was more than a clump of Black work forces with guns ; people began to recognize that the Black Panther Party could supply some replies to jobs within the community. Despite being criticized by the FBI as transporting out a Communist docket with SPR, the Black Panther Party was able to set together over 35 societal plans for the improvement of the community. Not merely was the Black Panther Party was able to supply many societal benefits for the community ; the Black Panther Party was besides highly active in the Black political battle and release motion. The Panther s called for an terminal to subjugation and offered revolution as an option. They were able to politically educate and form immature Blacks who were willing to contend for the party. In Oakland, the Black Panther Party invariably patrolled the hogs with guns in an effort to forestall constabulary ferociousness. The Panthers educated themselves on every gun jurisprudence on the books and were able to avoid being arrested in most instances ; nevertheless, in some cases, members of the Black Panther Party were arrested merely for the fact that they were Black work forces with guns. A polar event for the Black Panther Party occurred due to patrol over exerting their power and hassling Huey P. Newton and Bobby Hutton because they had guns. The result of Newton and Hutton s confro ntation with the constabulary left Hutton and a police officer dead, and landed Newton behind bars for manslaughter. The resulting Free Huey motion brought together the community every bit much as any other action that the Black Panthers took portion in. Young Whites, angry at America over the Vietnam War, joined immature urban Blacks in mass meetings to intone in unison: Free Huey! The laden combat back against his oppressors was a message that any adult male, Black or White, could appreciate. The will of the people in their battle to liberate Huey was able to assist Huey Newton acquire out of gaol three old ages after his apprehension, acquitted of all charges. Another case when the Black Panther s used their power to act upon political relations was when a group of Black Panthers, led by Bobby Seale, stormed into the California State Legislature to protest a gun-control measure. The group delivered their message to the legislative assembly, and was subsequently arrested in path b ack to Oakland. All of the members arrested spent a short clip in gaol for upseting the peace, but were neer convicted of any offense. The fact of the affair was that the Black Panther Party made their political voice heard. Despite being arrested and imprisoned, the message that the Panther s were seeking to acquire across was heard, and there was no manner that the White power construction could halt it. With the formation of the Black Panther Party and their chauvinistic positions within Ten-Point Program and Platform, the Black Panther Party had an enemy. The group that opposed the Black Panther Party the most was the F.B.I. The F.B.I. Director, J. Edgar Hoover, called the Black Panther Party the greatest menace to the internal security of the U.S. The F.B.I. viewed the formation of societal plans by the Black Panther Party as forcing a Communist docket. Alternatively of dissecting the message that the Black Panther Party was seeking to acquire across, the power construction could merely see Black work forces with guns. The F.B.I. made it a end to stop the organisation of the Black Panther Party in 1969. The most utile arm that the F.B.I. had in their armory to destruct the Black Panther Party was a counterintelligence plan competently name COINTELPRO. Through the usage of this plan the F.B.I. was able to destruct the party by agencies of its field offices and the aid of local cons tabulary. These bureaus frequently were involved in covert activities that involved slaying and mayhem. With the slayings and apprehensions of much of the hierarchy of the Black Panther organisation, the party began to easy demise throughout the seventies. A brief resurgence occurred in 1977 when Huey Newton returned to Oakland after several old ages of expatriate, but internal struggle within the party and continued F.B.I. activities brought the Party to an about nonexistent province by the 1980s. The Black Panther Party was founded on the thought that the power construction of the United States was racialist, and that it needed to be replaced. In trying to accomplish this end of revolution, the Panthers were able to construct up the community to convey people together, and allow their voice be heard. Many of the societal plans that the Panthers implemented have survived into the present twenty-four hours. Despite the best attempts of the F.B.I. to destruct the Jaguars and their ideals, the Panthers bequest of Black political power and community service will populate on forever. Plants Cited Black 3Community Bulletin: San Francisco Edition. Black Panther Party, Ministry of Information. August 1970. Chemical bond, Julian. A Time to Speak, A Time to Act: The Movement in Politics. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972. Cagno and Lolley. The Bequest of the Black Panthers. . Hilliard, Daivd. This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party. Boston: Small Brown, 1993. Jones, Charles E. The Black Panther Party Reconsidered. Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998. Marine, Gene. The Black Panthers. New York: New American Library, 1979. Schanche, Don A. The Panther Paradox: A Liberal s Dilemma. New York: David McKay Company, Inc. , 1970. Spartacus Education. 9 April 2001 The Black Panther Party and its Annihilation by COINTELPRO. . The Huey P. Newton Foundation. .

Answer the question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Answer the question - Assignment Example The case was against the state where Batson v. was a defendant from the U.S supreme court acting as the defendant. He had a great argument that the blacks were of the same fitness as the white people to have a place in the judiciary. The case was first filled in Kentucky, in the state court of petitioner. This case was then discussed in many other courts like the United States’ Supreme Court. Joe Gutmann, who was a prosecutor, agreed that Supreme Court made a good decision since it prohibited lawyers from discerning in jury assortment. He said that the reason of him removing the black was as they were youthful and they might have sympathized with Batson. The case took almost a year to be decided. It was in the U.S Supreme court where the case was decided. Finally, the black society had the right and positions in the judiciary. The violation of their rights as the black was no longer there. Black venire men have excited (Overland,

Contemporary Issues In Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Contemporary Issues In Marketing - Essay Example Though the customers perceive the whole thing as a single offering but actually customers reacts differently to each element of the marketing mix. If each part of the marketing mix acts differently and contradicts each other, then it creates an ambiguous effect that makes the customers behave in a confused manner and they tend to purchase product from other companies who have defined brands (Foxall, 1981). The method of marketing mix is used by the marketing manager to produce optimal response in the target market. By creating a perfect blend of the marketing mix elements such that they are utilized in an optimum way. All the elements in the marketing mix are controllable variable and can be altered to meet the need of the target market and the environment. Hence marketing mix is most useful tool to design the strategy and achieve success in the target market (Bootwala, Lawrence and Mali, 2009; Botha, Bothma and Brink, 2005). This study focuses on the use of the marketing tool for a restaurant chain in London that aims to generate a positive experience for the customers. Marketing Mix for the service chain The marketing mix for the service industry deals with the 7P’s like product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence. Product The package or product in the service industry is seen as a bundle of benefits and features, which has a close relevance to the target market. This makes it important to develop the service product or the benefit package to meet the expectation of the customer. The products offered by a restaurant can be classified into five levels like core benefits, basic product, expected product, augmented product and potential product. Core benefit is the fundamental service or benefit that the customer is buying. Basic product indicates the basic functional attributes of the product that is offered by the service provider. Expected product is the attributes that are normally expected by the customers. Augmented produ ct indicates the facilities or services that are provided by going beyond the expectations of the customers. Potential product are those that are created by innovation and distinguishes the service provider from others operating in the market (Srinivasan, 2012). In case of the restaurant chain the core benefit will be the taste of the food and the Italian cuisine in which it specialises. Studies have shown that eating habit of the people of London has undergone dramatic changes due to the opening of restaurants of diverse tastes specially French, German, Italian, Australian etc (White, 2011). The basic product will be foods and drinks of diverse origin and taste. The expected products that the restaurant offers is cleanliness and good ambience that is perfect for family and official dining. Augmented services would include just in time services, aroma and music. The potential product that would make the restaurant most distinguishing is the Italian food and some dietary foods; since people of London are now getting more and more diet concerned and health conscious (Wheelock, 1997). Price Competitive pricing should be done in order to be acceptable to the customers. It is the general tendency of the customers to link the price with the product or services offered by the organization. In simple words it indicates that the pricing of any product or services is largely influenced by the quality perceived by the customer

Bring awareness to a country about ways to reduce greenhouse emissions Essay

Bring awareness to a country about ways to reduce greenhouse emissions - Essay Example cientific results suggest that the increase in global emission of greenhouse gasses has contributed to a steady and a slowly rising temperature of the earth. It is also good to know that emission from transport add to approximately 27% of the global greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Han, Qian, Long & Li, 2009). It is therefore upon us to follow the following steps to reduce a huge percentage of global emissions. The first way to reduce greenhouse emission is by fining the amount of carbon footprint you produce. By carbon footprint I mean the amount of carbon you emit as an individual, this can be reduced by reducing your driving habit, spending habits, diet and other factors that can be taken into account. The second way to reduce greenhouse emission is by rethinking transportation. This can be done y not using cars frequently, taking a subway to avoid driving yourself, and improving on walking or biking frequently. The other way to save greenhouse emission is by saving electricity and energy. Electricity energy is being generated by emission producing plants. Reducing your consumption on electricity reduces the amount of energy produced and hence the emission reduction. The consumption can be reduced by unplugging appliances when they are not in use. Greenhouse emission can be eliminated or reduced by changing individual’s consumption habits. Increasing meat consumption can help or making food from scratch while avoiding packed food. As it is so clear it is important to acknowledge the most relevant contributors to greenhouse emission and minimize them as possible. Han, H., Qian, G., Long, J., & Li, S. (2009). Comparision of two different ways of landfill gas utilization through greenhouse gas emission reductions analysis and financial analysis. Waste Management & Research, 27(9), 922-927.